Mechanisms of Action: Antibiotics work through several mechanisms, including inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and metabolic pathways in bacteria.

Challenges with Antibiotic Resistance: The rise of antibiotic resistance is a major challenge, as it diminishes the effectiveness of these drugs, leading to more difficult-to-treat infections.

Impact on Human Health: Antibiotics have significantly reduced mortality from bacterial infections, but overuse and misuse can lead to resistance, affecting their future efficacy.