Criminalization of Broad Hate Speech Definitions: The bill’s broad definition of hate speech as causing societal disharmony grants authorities wide discretion, which may facilitate selective enforcement against political opponents or dissenters.

Tension Between Security and Free Speech: The legislation highlights the ongoing balance in India between curbing communal violence and preserving constitutional free speech rights, reflecting deep political and social divisions.

Political Strategy in Legislative Process: Passing the bill while the main opposition BJP was protesting outside the chamber indicates a strategic move by the ruling party to limit debate and accelerate enactment despite opposition objections.