Enduring border disputes fuel entrenched conflict: The decades-old territorial dispute dating to Cambodia’s independence continues to drive recurrent violence. Historical claims over landmark sites like Preah Vihear amplify nationalistic tensions, complicating diplomatic resolutions and prolonging instability.

Regional organizations and foreign powers mediate amid local deadlock: ASEAN’s observer deployment proposal and US satellite support highlight external efforts to manage the conflict. However, enforcement is challenging amidst unilateral military stances by Thailand and Cambodia, reflecting limits of diplomatic interventions in

Civilian infrastructure and population increasingly caught in crossfire: Both countries accuse each other of attacks impacting civilians and infrastructure. The heavy displacement and casualties underline growing humanitarian concerns that may pressure governments to reconsider military approaches.